Richard Wagner Is Associated With a Term That Means a Total Work of Art This Term Is

"total artwork" making use of many or all art forms

Stairway of the Hôtel Tassel, an early on example of Gesamtkunstwerk.

A Gesamtkunstwerk (German: [gəˈzamtˌkʊnstvɛɐk], literally "total artwork", often translated every bit "total piece of work of art",^[one] "ideal work of art",^[2] "universal artwork",^[three] "synthesis of the arts", "comprehensive artwork", or "across-the-board art grade") is a work of art that makes utilise of all or many art forms or strives to practice so. The term is a German loanword accepted in English as a term in aesthetics.

Background [edit]

The term was developed by the German writer and philosopher K. F. Eastward. Trahndorff in an essay in 1827.^[4] The German opera composer Richard Wagner used the term in two 1849 essays, and the word has become particularly associated with his artful ideals.^[v] It is unclear whether Wagner knew of Trahndorff'due south essay.^{[ citation needed ]}

In the 20th century, some writers applied the term to some forms of compages, while others applied information technology to flick and mass media.^[six]

In opera [edit]

Before Wagner [edit]

Some elements of opera, seeking a more "classical" formula, had begun at the end of the 18th century. After the lengthy domination of opera seria, and the da capo aria, a move began to accelerate the librettist and the composer in relation to the singers, and to return the drama to a more intense and less moralistic focus. This movement, "reform opera" is primarily associated with Christoph Willibald Gluck and Ranieri de' Calzabigi. The themes in the operas produced by Gluck's collaborations with Calzabigi continue throughout the operas of Carl Maria von Weber, until Wagner, rejecting both the Italian bel canto tradition and the French "spectacle opera", adult his marriage of music, drama, theatrical effects, and occasionally dance.^{[ commendation needed ]}

However these trends had adult fortuitously, rather than in response to a specific philosophy of art; Wagner, who recognised the reforms of Gluck and admired the works of Weber, wished to consolidate his view, originally, equally part of his radical social and political views of the tardily 1840s. Previous to Wagner, others who had expressed ideas most wedlock of the arts, which was a familiar topic among German Romantics, as evidenced by the title of Trahndorff's essay, in which the give-and-take first occurred, "Aesthetics, or Theory of Philosophy of Art". Others who wrote on syntheses of the arts included Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Ludwig Tieck and Novalis.^[vii] Carl Maria von Weber'southward enthusiastic review of E.T.A. Hoffmann's opera Undine (1816) admired it as 'an art work consummate in itself, in which partial contributions of the related and collaborating arts alloy together, disappear, and, in disappearing, somehow form a new world'.^[8]

Wagner's ideas [edit]

Wagner used the exact term 'Gesamtkunstwerk' (which he spelt 'Gesammtkunstwerk') on only two occasions, in his 1849 essays "Art and Revolution" and "The Artwork of the Future",^[ix] where he speaks of his platonic of unifying all works of art via the theatre.^[10] He also used in these essays many similar expressions such as 'the complete artwork of the futurity' and 'the integrated drama', and frequently referred to 'Gesamtkunst'.^[7] Such a work of fine art was to be the clearest and most profound expression of folk legend.^{[ citation needed ]}

Wagner felt that the Greek tragedies of Aeschylus had been the finest (though still flawed) examples and then far of total artistic synthesis, but that this synthesis had afterward been corrupted past Euripides. Wagner felt that during the residual of human history up to the present 24-hour interval (i.eastward. 1850) the arts had drifted further and farther apart, resulting in such "monstrosities" as Grand Opera. Wagner felt that such works historic bravura singing, sensational stage effects, and meaningless plots. In "Art and Revolution", Wagner applies the term 'Gesamtkunstwerk' in the context of Greek tragedy. In "The Art-Work of the Future", he uses information technology to employ to his own, equally yet unrealized, ideal.^{[ citation needed ]}

In his extensive book Opera and Drama (completed in 1851), Wagner takes these ideas further, describing in detail his idea of the marriage of opera and drama (later called music drama despite Wagner's disapproval of the term), in which the private arts are subordinated to a common purpose.^{[ citation needed ]}

Wagner's own opera bicycle Der Ring des Nibelungen, specifically its components Das Rheingold and Die Walküre, represent perhaps the closest he, or anyone else, came to realizing these ideals.^[11] After this phase, Wagner came to relax his own strictures and write more than conventionally 'operatically'.^[12]

Craft movement [edit]

William Morris (1834–1896), a British fabric designer, poet, novelist, translator, and socialist activist, was associated with the British Arts and crafts movement, largely influenced by the ideas of John Ruskin, who believed that industrialization led to a qualitative reject in artistically crafted goods. For him, a abode must nurture harmony besides equally infuse its inhabitants with a creative energy.

"Accept nada in your houses that you exercise not know to be useful, or believe to be beautiful" is the famous quote of William Morris that epitomized his own way of living of Gesamtkunstwerk.

Morris' and Philip Webb's Red Firm, designed in 1859, is a major example, as well every bit the Blackwell House in the English language Lake District, designed past Baillie Scott. Blackwell Business firm was built in 1898–1900, as a holiday home for Sir Edward Holt, a wealthy Manchester brewer. It is situated near the town of Bowness-on-Windermere with views looking over Windermere and across to the Coniston Fells.^{[ citation needed ]}

In compages [edit]

Stoclet Palace, 1905–1911.

Some architectural writers have used the term Gesamtkunstwerk to signify circumstances where an architect is responsible for the design and/or overseeing of the building's totality: shell, accessories, furnishings, and landscape.^[xiii] It is hard to make a claim for when the notion of the Gesamtkunstwerk was first employed from the point of view of a building and its contents (although the term itself was non used in this context until the late 20th century); already during the Renaissance, artists such every bit Michelangelo saw no strict division in their tasks between architecture, interior blueprint, sculpture, painting and even engineering.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Historian Robert Fifty. Delevoy has argued that Art Nouveau represented an essentially decorative trend that thus lent itself to the idea of the architectural Gesamtkunstwerk. Of form, it is equally possible it was born from social theories that arose out of a fright of the rise of industrialism.^[14]

Nonetheless, evidence of consummate interiors that typify the concept of Gesamtkunstwerk can be seen from some time before the 1890s. An increasing tendency among architects in the 18th and 19th centuries was to control every facet of an architectural commission. As well as existence responsible for the structure itself, they tried to extend their office to also include designing (or at to the lowest degree vetting) every aspect of the interior work. This included not only the interior architectural features but also the design^[xv] of furniture, carpets, wallpaper, fabrics, light fixtures, and door-handles. Robert Adam and Augustus Welby Pugin are examples of this trend to create an overall harmonising issue which in some cases might even extend to the choice or design of table silvery, china, and glassware.^{[ citation needed ]}

Art Nouveau [edit]

Gesamtkunstwerk was typical for Art Nouveau artists. Belgians Victor Horta and Henry Van de Velde, Catalan Antoni Gaudí, French Hector Guimard, Scottish Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Austrian Josef Hoffmann, Russian German Franz (Fyodor) Schechtel, Finn Eliel Saarinen, and many other architects also acted every bit furniture and interior designers. As well, many of Art Nouveau masterpieces were results of cooperation of artists of dissimilar fields:

• Villa Majorelle (1901–1902) in Nancy, French republic was created by builder Henri Sauvage, furniture designer Louis Majorelle, ceramist Alexandre Bigot, and stained glass creative person Jacques Grüber,
• The Municipal House (1904–1912) in Prague, Czech Republic was designed by Osvald Polívka and Antonín Balšánek, painted by famous Czech painter Alphonse Mucha and features sculptures of Josef Mařatka and Ladislav Šaloun,
• The Gresham Palace (1904–1906) in Budapest, Hungary is was created past architects by Zsigmond Quittner and Jozsef Vago, sculptors Géza Maróti, Miklós Ligeti, and Ede Telcs, stained glass artist Miksa Róth and metalwork artist Gyula Jungfer.
• Works of Victor Horta^[16]
  • Hôtel Tassel,^[17] Hôtel Solvay,^[18] and Hôtel van Eetvelde^[17] were created in cooperation with stained glass master Raphaël Évaldre,
  • Maison and Atelier Horta was created in cooperation with sculptor Pieter Braecke^[xix]
• Works of Lluís Domènech i Montaner:^[20] Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau in Barcelona
  • sculptors Pablo Gargallo, Eusebi Arnau, and mosaic chief Mario Maragliano took part in both projects,
  • sculptor Miguel Blay, stained drinking glass master Antoni Rigalt, ceramist Lluis Brù i Salelles were involved in construction of Palau de la Música Catalana,
  • metalwork artist Josep Perpinyà was involved in structure of Hospital de Sant Pau,
• Works of Antoni Gaudí:^[21] Park Güell, Palau Güell, Sagrada Família, Casa Batlló, Casa Milá, Casa Vicens in Barcelona; Colònia Güell in Santa Coloma de Cervelló)
  • mosaic master Mario Maragliano was involved in construction of Sagrada Família,
  • architect Francesc Berenguer i Mestres was involved in construction of Sagrada Família and Colònia Güell,^[22]
  • architect Joan Rubió was involved in structure of La Sagrada Familia, Casa Batlló, and Parc Güell,
  • artist of many genres Josep Maria Jujol helped Gaudí with Casa Batlló, Casa Milà, and Park Güell.
• Stoclet Palace in Brussels^[23] was created by architect and designer Josef Hoffmann, painters Gustav Klimt, Fernand Khnopff, sculptor Franz Metzner, and mosaic master Leopold Forstner.^[24] The construction of the palace foreshadowed Art Deco and the Modernistic compages.^[23]

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Museum Villa Stuck is the work of artist Franz von Stuck and "was celebrated equally a marvelously modern however curious construction. Built along his guiding principle of the "Gesamtkunstwerk" the Villa Stuck combined all aspects of compages, fine art, music, theatre, and life inside its walls and garden".^[25]

In Switzerland, Bruno Weber Park, a sculpture garden by artist Bruno Weber, is a later example of an Art Nouveau piece inspired past Gesamtkunstwerk.^[26]

Kirche am Steinhof (or the Church building of St. Leopold), designed past the builder Otto Wagner, is the Roman Catholic oratory of the Steinhof Psychiatric Infirmary in Vienna, Austria. The building is considered i of the most important Art Nouveau churches in the world. Dedicated to Saint Leopold, it was built between 1903 and 1907, and includes Mosaics and stained glass past Koloman Moser, and sculptural Angels by Othmar Schimkowitz. The groovy majority of the other smaller details are the work of Otto Wagner himself. The statues on the two external towers represent Saint Leopold and Saint Severin (fifty. & r. respectively: they are the two patron saints of Lower Austria) and are the piece of work of the Viennese sculptor Richard Luksch.^{[ citation needed ]}

Modernism [edit]

This section needs expansion. Y'all can help past adding to it. (Nov 2020)

The architectural move of Modernism too saw architects implementing this principle of Gesamtkunstwerk. Middle Le Corbusier is an example by famed Modernist architect Le Corbusier.^[27] The Villa Cavrois mansion in French republic is another instance of modernist Gesamtkunstwerk, designed past French architect Robert Mallet-Stevens.

In fine art [edit]

Hanover Merzbau, a mixed media installation by Dadaist Kurt Schwitters in his apartment, Hanover, 1933

The multi-media way pioneered past Dadaists such as Hugo Ball has also been called a Gesamtkunstwerk.^[28] 'Towards the Merz Gesamtkunstwerk' was a Academy of Oregon graduate seminar that explored themes of Dadaism and Gesamtkunstwerk, especially Kurt Schwitter's legendary Merzbau.^[29] They cite Richard Huelsenbeck in his German Dada Manifesto: "Life appears every bit a simultaneous confusion of noises, colours and spiritual rhythms, and is thus incorporated — with all the sensational screams and feverish excitements of its adventurous everyday psyche and the entirety of its brutal reality — unwaveringly into Dadaist fine art".^{[30] [31]}

In 2011, Saatchi Gallery in London held Gesamtkunstwerk: New Fine art from Federal republic of germany, a survey exhibition of 24 contemporary German artists. ^[32]

An exhibition entitled Utopia Gesamtkunstwerk, curated past Bettina Steinbrügge and Harald Krejci, took place from Jan to May 2012 at the 21er Haus in Belvedere, Vienna. "A contemporary perspective of the historical thought of the total piece of work of art" was presented and included a "brandish" past Esther Stocker which was based on the idea of "the untidy nursery",^[33] information technology housed works by Joseph Beuys, Monica Bonvicini, Christian Boltanski, Marcel Broodthaers, Daniel Buren, Heinz Emigholz, Valie Export, Claire Fontaine, gelatin, Isa Genzken, Liam Gillick, Thomas Hirschhorn, Ilya Kabakov, Martin Kippenberger, Gordon Matta-Clark, Paul McCarthy, Superflex, Franz West, and numerous others.^[34] There was an accompanying book produced with the aforementioned proper noun exploring the topic.^[35]

Many reviews have characterized the gimmicky art exhibition the 9th Berlin Biennale as a gesamtkunstwerk.^{[36] [37] [38] [39]}

In 2017, prominent visual artists Shirin Neshat and William Kentridge directed operas at the Salzburg Festival.^[40]

Other applications [edit]

The Catholic Mass has been cited as an example of a Gesamtkunstwerk, and if such a correlation is deemed valid and so one could rightly consider diverse liturgical expressions to be similar examples.^[41]

The Total Art of Stalinism: Avant-Garde, Aesthetic Dictatorship, and Across is a 2011 book by Boris Groys which explores the comprehensive aesthetic reorganization of society in the USSR under Stalin's totalitarianism.^[42]

Canadian development corporation Westbank, founded by Ian Gillespie, uses Gesamtkunstwerk as the founding idea behind the visitor's vision and philosophy for urban evolution.^{[43] [fifteen]}

Performer, video producer, "safety fan and bureaucratic wunderkind"^[44] Brian David Gilbert of the video game website Polygon cited the ideal of Gesamtkunstwerk every bit an inspiration in foundational technique in his rendition of the PokéRAP.^{[45] [46]}

References [edit]

1. ^ Millington (due north.d.), Warrack (north.d.)
2. ^ Oxford English Lexicon, Gesamtkunstwerk
3. ^ ArtLex Art Dictionary Archived xiv August 2016 at the Wayback Machine
4. ^ Trahndorff (1827), Ästhetik oder Lehre von Weltanschauung und Kunst
5. ^ Wolfman, Ursula Rehn (12 March 2013). "Richard Wagner's Concept of the 'Gesamtkunstwerk'". Interlude . Retrieved 8 May 2016.
6. ^ For discussions of architecture every bit Gesamtkunstwerk, see the relevant section of this article. For discussions of moving-picture show and mass media, meet for example Matthew Wilson Smith, The Total Work of Fine art: From Bayreuth to Net. New York: Routledge, 2007; Carolyn Birdsall, Nazi Soundscapes: Audio, Technology, and Urban Space in Germany, 1933–1945. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Printing, 2012. pp. 141–72; and Jeongwon Joe, "Introduction: Why Wagner and Movie theater? Tolkien Was Wrong." In Wagner and Movie house, edited by Jeongwon Joe and Sander Fifty. Gilman, 1–26. Indiana: Indiana Academy Press, 2010.
7. ^ ^{a b} Millington (north.d.)
8. ^ Strunk, Oliver (1965). Source Readings in Music History: The Romantic Era. New York. p. 63. Archived from the original on 2 May 2005. Retrieved 10 May 2008.
9. ^ Wagner (1993), p. 35, where the word is translated every bit 'great united work'; p. 52 where it is translated as 'swell unitarian Art-work'; and p. 88 (twice) where it is translated as 'great united Art-piece of work'.
10. ^ Warrack (due north.d.), Gesamtkunstwerk is wrong in saying that Wagner used the give-and-take only in "The Artwork of the Time to come"
11. ^ Grey (2008) 86
12. ^ Millington (1992) 294–95
13. ^ Michael A. Vidalis, "Gesamtkunstwerk – 'total work of art'", Architectural Review, 30 June 2010.
14. ^ Robert L. Delevoy, 'Art Nouveau', in Encyclopaedia of Modern Architecture. Thames & Hudson, 1977.
15. ^ ^{a b} "Home". GESAMTKUNSTWERK . Retrieved 28 December 2017.
16. ^ "Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta (Brussels)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
17. ^ ^{a b} Ouvrage collectif sous la direction de Philippe Roberts-Jones, Bruxelles fin de siècle, Flammarion, 1994, p.182
18. ^ Schoonbroodt, B, Art Nouveau Kunstenaars in Belgie, 2008: p. 196
19. ^ Metdepenninghen, Catheline; Celis, Marcel 1000. (2010). Pieter Braecke, beeldhouwer 1858–1938. Als de ziele luistert (in Dutch). Agentschap erfgoed van de Vlaamse Overheid. p. 56. ISBN9789040302947.
20. ^ "Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona". UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved twenty Nov 2020.
21. ^ "Works of Antoni Gaudí". UNESCO World Heritage Middle . Retrieved 20 Nov 2020.
22. ^ [1] Cèsar Martinell. Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2007
23. ^ ^{a b} "Stoclet House". UNESCO World Heritage Middle . Retrieved 20 Nov 2020.
24. ^ "Palais Stoclet ist Weltkulturerbe". OE24. 27 June 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
25. ^ "Museum Villa Stuck". Bureau Borsche . Retrieved 28 November 2019.
26. ^ "Bruno Weber Park". Gardens of Switzerland . Retrieved 20 November 2020.
27. ^ Molloy, Jonathan C. (24 January 2013). "AD Classics: Centre Le Corbusier (Heidi Weber Museum) / Le Corbusier". ArchDaily . Retrieved twenty November 2020.
28. ^ John Elderfield, "Introduction"; Flight out of Time by Hugo Ball; University of California Press, 1996; thirteen–xlvi.
29. ^ "Nigh · Towards the Merz Gesamtkunstwerk". digitalarthistory607.omeka.cyberspace . Retrieved 28 Nov 2019.
30. ^ "DADA Manifesto Berlin April 1918 (Huelsenbeck)". Colloquium Urbanités Littéraires . Retrieved 28 November 2019.
31. ^ "Exhibition Introduction". Towards the Merz Gesamtkunstwerk . Retrieved 28 November 2019.
32. ^ Michael, Apphia (17 November 2011). "'Gesamtkunstwerk' show at Saatchi Gallery, London". Wallpaper* . Retrieved 27 Nov 2019.
33. ^ "Utopie Gesamtkunstwerk / Utopia Gesamtkunstwerk". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
34. ^ "Utopie Gesamtkunstwerk". Belvedere . Retrieved 27 November 2019.
35. ^ Utopia Gesamtkunstwerk. Krejci, Harald., Husslein-Arco, Agnes., Steinbrügge, Bettina., 21er Haus (Österreichische Galerie Dais). Köln: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König. 2012. ISBN978-3-86335-140-3. OCLC 785864884. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
36. ^ "Drag Race". Artforum. 12 June 2016.
37. ^ Smith, William South. (i September 2016). "Biennials: Mixed Letters". Art in America. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
38. ^ Malick, Courtney (July 2016). "9th Berline Biennale: The Present in Drag". Art Papers. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved xiii July 2017.
39. ^ Bock, Stefan (18 August 2016). "The Present in Elevate". der Freitag.
40. ^ "The Return of the Gesamtkunstwerk? Why Artists Are Flocking to the Opera House". artnet News. 23 Baronial 2017. Retrieved 27 Nov 2019.
41. ^ Nancy Pedri and Laurence Petit (Editors), Picturing the Language of Images; Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013; pp. 360, 365.
42. ^ Groĭs, Boris. The total fine art of Stalinism : advanced, aesthetic dictatorship, and beyond. ISBN978-one-78168-972-1. OCLC 1052165084.
43. ^ Perkins, Martha (20 March 2014). "Vancouver House introduces gwerk to the world". Vancouver Courier.
44. ^ Boom Bros. owes millions of dollars in OSHA violations | Unraveled , retrieved 23 December 2019
45. ^ Polygon (7 Apr 2019), The Perfect PokéRap | Unraveled Live at PAX Due east 2019 , retrieved 8 April 2019
46. ^ Twin Galaxies (8 April 2019), Polygon'due south Brian David Gilbert Creates the Perfect Pokemon Rap

Bibliography [edit]

• Bergande, Wolfram: "The creative destruction of the total work of art. From Hegel to Wagner and beyond", in: Ruhl (Ed.): The death and life of the total work of art, Berlin: Jovis, 2014
• Finger, Anke and Danielle Follett (eds.) (2011) The Aesthetics of the Total Artwork: On Borders and Fragments, The Johns Hopkins Academy Press
• Grayness, Thomas Southward. (ed.) (2008) The Cambridge Companion to Wagner, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64439-6
• Koss, Juliet (2010) Modernism Later Wagner, University of Minnesota Printing, ISBN 978-0-8166-5159-7
• Krejci, Harald, Agnes Arco, and Bettina Steinbrügge. Utopia Gesamtkunstwerk. Köln: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2012. ISBN 9783863351403
• Millington, Barry (ed.) (1992) The Wagner Compendium: A Guide to Wagner's Life and Music. Thames and Hudson Ltd., London. ISBN 0-02-871359-1
• Millington, Barry (n.d.) "Gesamtkunstwerk", in Oxford Music Online (subscription only) (consulted 15 September 2010)
• Roberts, David (2011) "The Total Piece of work of Art in European Modernism", Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY
• Trahndorff, Karl Friedrich Eusebius (1827) Ästhetik oder Lehre von Weltanschauung und Kunst
• Wagner, Richard (1993), tr. Due west. Ashton Ellis The Art-Work of the Future and Other Works. Lincoln and London, ISBN 0-8032-9752-1
• Warrack, John (due north.d.) "Gesamtkunstwerk" in The Oxford Companion to Music online, (subscription only) (consulted 15 September 2019)

External links [edit]

• The dictionary definition of Gesamtkunstwerk at Wiktionary
• Towards the Merz Gesamtkunstwerk – website for a University of Oregon graduate seminar

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk

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