Su37 Plane Drawing Labels

Experimental thrust-vectoring version of the Su-35 fighter aircraft

Not to be confused with the Southward-37 Berkut (Su-47) forrad-swept wing technology demonstrator.

Su-37
Role	Air superiority fighter technology demonstrator
National origin	Russia
Design grouping	Sukhoi Pattern Agency
Built by	Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association
Outset flight	2 April 1996
Introduction	25 October 1997
Condition	Development ceased
Number built	i[1]
Developed into	Sukhoi Su-30MKI (India) Sukhoi Su-30MKM (Malaysia) Sukhoi Su-30SM (Russian federation) Sukhoi Su-35 (Russia and China)

The Sukhoi Su-37 (Russian: Сухой Су-37; NATO reporting proper noun: Flanker-F; popularly nicknamed "Terminator"^[2]) was a single-seat twin-engine aircraft designed past the Sukhoi Design Bureau that served as a technology demonstrator. Information technology allowed for the need to enhance airplane pilot control of the Su-27M (later renamed Su-35), which was a farther development of the Su-27. The sole shipping had originally been congenital every bit the eleventh Su-27M (T10M-11) by the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Shipping Production Association before having its thrust-vectoring nozzles installed. In addition, it was modified with updated flight- and weapons-command systems. The shipping made its maiden flight in April 1996. Throughout the flight-examination program, the Su-37 demonstrated its supermanoeuvrability at air shows, performing manoeuvres such as a 360-degree somersault. The aircraft crashed in December 2002 due to structural failure. The Su-37 did not enter production; despite a report in 1998 which claimed that Sukhoi had built a second Su-37 using the 12th Su-27M airframe,^[3] T10M-11 remained the sole image. Sukhoi had instead applied the aircraft'south systems to the pattern agency'due south other fighter designs.

Design and development [edit]

The Sukhoi Design Agency started research on thrust vectoring as early as 1983,^[four] when the Soviet authorities tasked the bureau with the dissever development of the Su-27M, which was an upgrade of the Su-27.^[five] At the insistence of General Managing director Mikhail Simonov, who had been the chief designer of the Su-27, Sukhoi and the Siberian Aeronautical Research Constitute studied axisymmetrical vectoring nozzles. This was in dissimilarity to the prevailing focus on two-dimensional nozzles in the Western press. Lyulka (afterwards Lyulka-Saturn) also began studies of thrust-vectoring engines in 1985.^[six] By the tardily 1980s, Sukhoi were evaluating their research using its flight test beds.^[7]

During exam flights of the Su-27Ms, which began in 1988, engineers discovered that pilots failed to maintain active control of the aircraft at high angles of assault due to the ineffectiveness of flight control surfaces at depression speeds. Engineers therefore installed thrust-vectoring engines to the eleventh Su-27 (factory code T10M-11), which had been built past the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association in the country'southward Far East and was being used as a radar test bed.^[viii] Following the airframe's completion in early on 1995, the aircraft was delivered to the blueprint agency's experimental plant well-nigh Moscow, where engineers started installing the nozzles on the aircraft.^{[9] [Due north 1]} Although Sukhoi had intended the Lyulka-Saturn AL-37FU to power the aircraft, the engine had not yet been flying-cleared. The aircraft was temporarily fitted with the less-powerful AL-31FP engine, which was substantially an AL-31F engine that had the AL-100 vectoring nozzles of the AL-37FU.^[9] The aircraft was rolled out in May.^[11] Ii months afterward, the temporary engines were replaced with AL-37FUs; its nozzles could just deflect 15 degrees upwardly or down in the pitch axis, together or differentially.^[12]

Autonomously from the addition of thrust-vectoring nozzles, the Su-37 did non outwardly differ much from the canard-equipped Su-27M. Instead, engineers had focused on the aircraft's avionics. Unlike previous Su-27Ms, the Su-37 had a digital (as opposed to analogue) fly-by-wire flying control system, which was directly linked to the thrust-vectoring control system.^[xiii] Together with the aircraft's overall high thrust-to-weight ratio and the engine'southward full authority digital engine control feature, the integrated propulsion and flying command systems added maneuverability at loftier angles of assail and low speeds.^[xiv] The aircraft's weapons-command system had as well been improved, as information technology included an N011M Confined (literally "Panther") pulse-Doppler phased-array radar that provided the aircraft with simultaneous air-to-air and air-to-ground capability. The radar was capable of tracking xx aeriform targets and directing missiles toward viii of them simultaneously; in comparison, the Su-27M's baseline N011 could only track fifteen aeriform targets and engage half-dozen of them simultaneously.^{[15] [16]} The aircraft retained from the Su-27M the N012 cocky-defence force radar located in the rearward-projecting tail boom.^[7]

Considerable comeback had likewise been made to the cockpit layout. In addition to the caput-up display, the Su-37 had four Sextant Avionique multi-function colour liquid crystal displays arranged in a "T" configuration; they had better backlight protection than the Su-27M's monochrome cathode ray tube displays. The displays presented to the airplane pilot information nigh navigation, systems condition, and weapons option. The pilot saturday on an ejection seat that was reclined to 30 degrees to ameliorate g-force tolerance.^{[7] [17]}

Painted in a disruptive sand and brown scheme, the aircraft was given the lawmaking 711 Bluish, later changed to 711 White.^[17] Following ground checks at the Gromov Flight Research Institute, the aircraft made its maiden flight on 2 April 1996 from Zhukovsky Airfield exterior Moscow, piloted past Yevgeni Frolov. The nozzles were stock-still during the kickoff five flights.^{[16] [N 2]} Due to the lack of funding from the Russian Air Forcefulness, Sukhoi was compelled to finance the project with its own funds; according to Simonov, the company channelled revenue from the exports of the Su-27s to Mainland china and Vietnam towards the project.^{[7] [eighteen]} The aircraft was publicly unveiled at Zhukovsky later in the yr, and was redesignated Su-37.^[xvi]

Operational history [edit]

During the subsequent flight-test programme, the Su-37's supermaneuverability as a result of thrust-vectoring controls became credible. According to Simonov, such a feature would allow pilots to develop new combat manoeuvres and tactics, greatly enhancing its effectiveness in dogfights.^[xix] Among the new manoeuvres was the Super Cobra, which was a variation of the Pugachev'due south Cobra and was demonstrated during the shipping's international debut at the Farnborough Airshow in September 1996. Piloted past Frolov, the shipping pitched upward 180 degrees and maintained the tail-first position momentarily, which would theoretically allow the aircraft to burn a missile at a gainsay opponent.^[xvi] The Super Cobra evolved into the kulbit (somersault), in which the Su-37 performed a 360-degree loop with an extremely tight turning radius the length of the aircraft.^[xx] According to examination pilot Anatoly Kvochur, thrust vectoring would accept given the shipping a considerable advantage in close-in dogfights.^[21] Yet, critics have questioned the applied benefits of such manoeuvres; although they would allow an early missile lock-on, it would come at the expense of a rapid loss of kinetic energy, which would exit the aircraft vulnerable when pilots missed their first shot.^[22]

The aircraft was demonstrated at the Paris Air Show in 1997. Although it was simply able to perform on the last day of the bear witness, the organisers recognised the Su-37 as the standout performer at the event.^[23] The aircraft thereafter participated in the MAKS air show in Moscow, the International Defence Exhibition in Dubai, and the FIDAE air show in Santiago, Chile, as authorities sought to export the aircraft.^[24] With the expiration of the engines' service lives, the aircraft later had the AL-37FUs replaced with standard product AL-31F engines that lacked movable nozzles. The loss of thrust vectoring was somewhat compensated for by an update to the fly-by-wire flight control system. The shipping's foreign avionics were also replaced with indigenous designs. It resumed test flights in October 2000.^[25]

The flight-test plan was ended on 19 December 2002, when the aircraft's port horizontal tail broke off during a high-thou manoeuvre, leading to its crash at Shatura, almost Moscow. The structural failure was acquired by repeated exceeding of the aircraft's design load during half-dozen years of testing.^[26] The pilot Yuri Vashuk ejected safely.^{[27] [28]} Despite the entry of the Su-37 into Brazilian and S Korean fighter tenders, the aircraft failed to gain any foreign customers. India in the mid-1990s funded the development of what would result in the Su-30MKI, which is a two-seat fighter design that incorporated the canards, N011M radar and thrust-vectoring applied science that were present and evaluated on the Su-37.^[29] In improver, through tests of the Su-27M and the Su-37, engineers had determined that thrust vectoring could compensate for the loss of manoeuvrability brought about by the removal of canards, the design of which imposed a weight penalty on the airframe.^[30] The modernized Su-35, without canards,^[31] made its first flight in February 2008.^[32]

Specifications (Su-37) [edit]

Information from Gordon,^[33] Novichkov^[13]

Full general characteristics

• Crew: 1
• Length: 21.935 grand (72 ft 0 in)
• Wingspan: 14.698 m (48 ft 3 in)
• Height: 5.932 thou (nineteen ft six in)
• Wing area: 62 m^two (670 sq ft)
• Empty weight: 18,500 kg (twoscore,786 lb)
• Max takeoff weight: 34,000 kg (74,957 lb)
• Powerplant: 2 × Saturn AL-37FU afterburner turbofan engines, 83 kN (nineteen,000 lbf) thrust each with axisymmetrical thrust-vectoring nozzles dry out, 142 kN (32,000 lbf) with afterburner

Functioning

• Maximum speed: 2,500 km/h (1,600 mph, i,300 kn) at high altitude

1,400 km/h (870 mph; 760 kn) at sea level

• Range: 3,300 km (ii,100 mi, 1,800 nmi) at high distance

1,390 km (860 mi; 750 nmi) at sea level

• Service ceiling: 18,800 m (61,700 ft)
• g limits: +9
• Charge per unit of climb: 230 m/southward (45,000 ft/min)

Armament

• Guns: i× 30 mm GSh-30-i internal cannon with 150 rounds
• Hardpoints: 12 hardpoints, consisting of 2 wingtip runway, and 10 wing and fuselage stations with a chapters of 8,000 kg (17,630 lb) of ordnance.

Avionics

• OLS-35 infra-scarlet search and track system
• N-011M Bars passive electronically scanned array radar
• N012 self-defence radar
• Sextant Avionique (Thales) LCD multi-function displays

Notable appearances in media [edit]

Gallery [edit]

See likewise [edit]

Related development

• Sukhoi Su-30
• Sukhoi Su-33
• Sukhoi Su-47

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• General Dynamics F-16 VISTA
• McDonnell Douglas F-15 ACTIVE
• McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 HARV

Related lists

• List of military shipping of the Soviet Union and the CIS

References [edit]

Footnotes [edit]

1. ^ According to Flying International, engineers started installing the nozzles to the aircraft in late 1994.^[10]
2. ^ Quote: "The aircraft, Su-27 number 711, had five flights in April, apparently with the axisymmetric nozzles in a stock-still configuration."^[18]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Russia's Road to Corruption: How the Clinton Assistants Exported Regime Instead of Free Enterprise and Failed the Russian People, U. S. Firm of Representatives (2000), P. 204
2. ^ Jackson, Paul, ed. (2009). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2009–2010. Jane'south. p. 515. ISBN978-0710628800. This was popularly termed 'Su-37 Terminator' ...
3. ^ Gethin 1998, p. 32.
4. ^ Gordon 2007, p. 144.
5. ^ Andrews 2003, p. 39.
6. ^ Gordon 2007, pp. 146–147.
7. ^ ^{a b c d} Novichkov 1996, p. 55.
8. ^ Gordon 2007, pp. 142, 151.
9. ^ ^{a b} Gordon 2007, p. 151.
10. ^ Barrie 1994, p. 16.
11. ^ Aviation Week & Space Technology 1995, p. 35.
12. ^ Novichkov 1996, pp. 52, 55.
13. ^ ^{a b} Novichkov 1996, p. 52.
14. ^ Gordon 2007, pp. 151, 154.
15. ^ Butowski, Piotr (1 Nov 1999). "Authority by blueprint: the reign of Russia's 'Flankers' – PART One". Jane'due south Intelligence Review. Coulsdon, Uk. 11 (11). ISSN 1350-6226.
16. ^ ^{a b c d} Gordon 2007, p. 158.
17. ^ ^{a b} Gordon 2007, p. 154.
18. ^ ^{a b} Velovich May 1996, p. sixteen.
19. ^ Novichkov 1996, p. 50.
20. ^ Velovich September 1996, p. 41.
21. ^ Butowski, Piotr (10 July 1996). "Su-37 dogfights will be '10 times as constructive'". Jane's Defence Weekly. Horley, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. ISSN 0265-3818.
22. ^ Flight International 1996, p 3: "If the airplane pilot does non kill the opposition with his first shot, then his own shipping'due south lack of free energy will ways [sic] he could present an attractive target."
23. ^ Petrov, Ivan (25 June 1997). Су-37 — истребитель года. Kommersant (in Russian). Archived from the original on x October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
24. ^ Gordon 2007, pp. 160, 164.
25. ^ Andrews 2003, p. 58.
26. ^ Gordon 2007, p. 172.
27. ^ "Sukhoi demonstrator crashes during testing". Flightglobal. 31 Dec 2002. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 25 Baronial 2013.
28. ^ В Подмосковье разбился истребитель Су-35. Kommersant (in Russian). 19 December 2002. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
29. ^ Andrews 2003, p. 47.
30. ^ Barrie 2003, p. 39: "While the canard layout brought advantages in terms of improved maneuverability, it also added structural weight to the airframe. A conventional airframe coupled with thrust vector control, the source said, could at present provide the same capability."
31. ^ Butowski 2004, p. 39: "The problem was solved in a similar way: removal of the canards from the airframe construction. The aircraft maneuverability will not be affected since modernistic control systems are much more constructive than those used previously. The Su-35BM [sic] volition be equipped with the control system like to the quadruple digital wing-by-wire SDU-427 organization from the Su-47 Berkut experimental fighter. Additionally, the Su-35BM may besides be fitted with thrust vectoring."
32. ^ Lantratov, Constantine (xx February 2008). Взлетела новая "сушка". Kommersant (in Russian). Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
33. ^ Gordon 2007, p. 453.

Bibliography [edit]

• "Su-35 Has New Nozzles". Aviation Week & Space Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill. 143 (4): 35. 24 July 1995. ISSN 0005-2175.
• "Deft Manoeuvres". Flight International (commentary). London, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland: Reed Business Publishing. 150 (4540): 3. 11–17 September 1996. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 10 Oct 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
• Andrews, Thomas (Spring 2003). "Su-27/thirty family: 'Flanker' in the 21st Century". International Air Power Review. Vol. 8. Norwalk, Connecticut: AIRtime Publishing. ISBN978-1-880588-54-3.
• Barrie, Douglas (16–22 November 1994). "New Su-35 nozzles fitted". Flight International. London, Britain: Reed Business Publishing. 146 (4447): 16. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
• ——— (1 September 2003). "Singular Demands". Aviation Week & Space Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill. 159 (9): 39. ISSN 0005-2175.
• Butowski, Piotr (Summer 2004). "Halfway to PAK FA". Interavia Business concern & Technology. Geneva: Aerospace Media Publishing (676): 38–41. ISSN 1423-3215.
• Gethin, Howard (9–15 September 1998). "Sukhoi flies latest Su-37 demonstrator". Flight International. London: Reed Business Data. 154 (4642): 32. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
• Gordon, Yefim (2007). Sukhoi Su-27. Famous Russian Shipping. Hinckley, UK: Midlands Publishing. ISBN978-1-85780-247-4.
• Novichkov, Nicolay (26 August 1996). "Sukhoi Set to Exploit Thrust Vector Control". Aviation Week & Infinite Technology. New York: McGraw-Loma. 145 (9): 50–52, 55. ISSN 0005-2175.
• Velovich, Alexander (8–14 May 1996). "Thrust-vectoring Su-35 flies". Flight International. London, UK: Reed Business Publishing. 149 (4522): 16. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved five November 2017.
• ——— (18–24 September 1996). "Slow wearisome, quick quick, slow". Flight International. London, UK: Reed Concern Publishing. 150 (4541): 41. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on ten October 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.

External links [edit]

• Su-37 at EnemyForces.com
• Su-37 at Russian Military Analysis

clarkloung1957.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-37

Share this post